Poto
He tohu ahurea iti te waina e tohu ana i te whakanui, te panonitanga me te hononga pāpori, me te mau hononga ki te taikaha, te ngaronga me te koretake o te matatika. I roto i te hītori kua whakamahia i roto i ngā horopaki kawa, ngā kupu whakarite toi me te manaakitanga o ia rā; ko ōna āhuatanga tinana - te tae, te pakeketanga, te reka - ka horapa ki ngā tikanga tohu pēnei i te ora, te parakore, te pirau rānei. Nā te mea ka huri te waina i roto i te wā, ka pānuitia pinepinetia hei tohu o te pakeketanga, te mahara me te huringa o ngā tau. He mea nui te horopaki: ko te karāhe waina kotahi ka tohu i te komuniotanga, i te pirau rānei i runga i te wāhi.
He aha te tohu a te waina?
Whakawhitiwhiti Ko tētahi o ngā tūranga tohu mārama mō te waina: e tohu ana i te oranga tahi, te whanaungatanga me ngā hononga i hangaia e te inu tahi. I ngā huihuinga whakapono me ngā huihuinga ao, ka tohu te waina i ngā wā e huihui tahi ai te tangata, ahakoa i te hākarameta, i te inu marena, i te kai whānau rānei.
huringa Ko tētahi atu kaupapa matua. Ka huri ngā karepe hei inu whakapūpū; ka huri ngā hua māmā hei waina tawhito, hei waina uaua. Ko taua panonitanga matū me te wā ka tono i ngā pānui tohu mō te huringa, te koroheketanga, te whakapai ake me te matū o te wheako tangata.
Huarere e pā ana hoki ki te waina: he tohu pea mō te nui me te harikoa, mō te taikaha me te hekenga o te morare. Nā te mea ka whakarerekē te waipiro i te tirohanga, he maha ngā wā ka puta te waina i roto i te reo tohu mō te ngaronga o te mana whakahaere, te whakamatautauranga me te rārangi angiangi i waenga i te ahuareka me te kino.
Ngā Tikanga Pai me ngā Tikanga Kino o te Waina
Ngā hononga pai: He tohu te waina i te whakanui, te manaaki me te whakapaipai toi. E tohu ana i ngā kawa harikoa (ngā tōhi, ngā marena), te tiritiri tapu (te komuniotanga whakapono), me te reka kua whakatipuria - te maioha ki te ngawari e puta mai ana i ngā waina tawhito, te terroir me te mahi tupato.
Ngā tikanga kino: Ka taea e te waina te tohu i te nui rawa o te inu, te waranga me te pirau o te hapori. I roto i ngā tuhinga me ngā kōrero matatika, he maha ngā wā ka tohu i ngā tūponotanga o te nui rawa: te kore whakaaro pai, te hinganga o te mana, te whanonga whakangaro rānei e whai ake ana i te haurangi tonu.
Hītori me ngā Pūtake o te Tohu Waina
Tuhinga tawhito nā rātou i whakatū te nuinga o ngā whakamahinga tohu o te waina. I ngā ao tawhito o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa me te Rawhiti Tata, ka puta te waina i roto i ngā horopaki kawa, i ngā hakari me ngā tuhinga mō ngā atua me ngā kīngi; nā aua whakamahinga o mua i whakatakoto te turanga mō ngā tikanga whakapono me ngā tikanga pāpori i muri mai.
Te mahi whakapono i hanga anō i te tohu. Hei tauira, i roto i te Karaitianatanga, i whai tikanga te waina hei wāhanga o te Eucharist, e tohu ana i te toto o te Karaiti i roto i te karakia kua whakatūria - he tūranga i huri i te inu noa hei tohu matua o te whakapono. Nā taua whakamahinga tapu i awe te whakaaro o ngā kaitoi, ngā kaituhi me ngā hapori ki te waina hei tohu kaha o te patunga tapu me te aroha noa.
Ngā Tohu i roto i ngā Ahurea Rerekē o te Waina
Nga ahurea Mediterranean kua roa e hono ana te waina ki te momonatanga, te whakanui me te atua. Ko ngā hakari me ngā karakia Kariki me Rōmana e karapoti ana i te atua waina i whakanui i te harikoa, te hononga hapori me te whakakore i ngā here pāpori noa i te wā karakia.
Ngā tikanga tuku iho a Ūropi i whakawhanakehia ētahi atu paparanga: i roto i te maha o ngā hapori Pākehā, i noho te waina hei tohu mō te tuakiri ā-rohe me te karaehe pāpori, me te tohu i te mana o te waina me te māra waina. I roto i ngā ahurea i nui ake ai te pia me te waipiro, he maha ngā wā i mau tonu te hononga motuhake o te waina ki ngā kawa me te kai reka.
Ngā horopaki ā-ao ka uaua ake te āhua: i ngā rohe kāore he hītori hanga waina pakari, ka taea e te waina kawemai te kawe i ngā tikanga o te ao ke, te papai, te hononga hokohoko koroni rānei, i te mea he rite tonu ngā mahi tohu a ngā inu whakapūkara ā-rohe i roto i ō rātou ake ariā ahurea.
Te Tikanga Wairua o te Waina
Te oro'a Ko te tikanga wairua matua tēnei i roto i ngā peka maha o te Karaitianatanga, e mahi ana te waina hei wāhanga o te maumahara ki ngā kawa me te aroaro o te Atua. Mā taua whakamahinga wairua ka hangaia te waina hei koha tinana, hei tohu hoki mō te kotahitanga wairua.
Nga Whakamanako Ko tētahi atu kaupapa wairua: nā te mea ka whakarerekē te waina i te hinengaro, he maha ngā kōrero tuku iho e hono ana ki ngā āhua ā-roto, ki te karakia harikoa, ki te māramatanga poropiti rānei. I roto i aua horopaki, ka mahi te waina hei taputapu hei tohu i ngā whakawhiti i waenga i te oranga noa me te wheako whakapono kua piki ake.
Te Waina i roto i ngā Pūrākau me ngā Kōrero Tuku Iho
Te pūrākau a Dionysian Ko te puna pūrākau tawhito mō te tohu waina i roto i te ahurea o te Hauāuru. Ko te atua Kariki a Dionysus (Bacchus i roto i te pūrākau Rōmana) e whakaatu ana i te kaha whakaora me te kaha tutu o te waina: he ahua ia o te momonatanga, te hakari me te tukunga harikoa, engari kei te whakatūpato anō hoki āna pūrākau mō te porangi me te whiti rohe ka arahi pea ki te raruraru.
Ngā kōrero tuku iho He maha ngā wā e whakanuia ana ngā akoranga matatika mō te waina: ngā kōrero mō te manaakitanga e utua ana, ngā hakari rānei e mutu ana ki te whakangaromanga ina whakaaetia te nui rawa. Ka whakakaha ake aua kōrero i ngā tikanga ahurea mō te whakaōrite, te atawhai me ngā ture pāpori e karapoti ana i te inu tahi.
Waina i roto i ngā Moemoeā
Tuhinga Ko te pānui tohu waina te mea tino noa i roto i ngā moemoeā: ko te moemoeā mō te waina he tohu mō ngā kare ā-roto mō te ahuareka, te whakanui, te hiahia rānei kua pehia. Nā te mea e pā ana te waina ki ngā kare ā-roto, ka taea e ia te tohu i te hiahia o te tangata moemoeā mō ngā wheako kare ā-roto, mō ngā hononga pāpori rānei.
Huringa ā-roto Ko tētahi atu whakamaoritanga auau: ko te whakapūtanga me te koroheketanga o te waina e tohu ana i te panonitanga o roto, nō reira ko te moemoeā mō te hanga, te whakamātautau rānei i te waina he tohu pea mō te tipu, te pakeketanga, te hoki anō ki ngā maharatanga o mua.
Ngā Whakaari Moemoeā Noa mō te Waina
- Te inu waina me ngā hoa, te whānau rānei — te kare ā-roto o te noho tahi, te whakanui rānei e tumanakohia ana.
- Te ringihanga o te waina ki runga i ngā kākahu, ki runga rānei i te tēpu — te manukanuka kei maumauria te whai wāhitanga, te ngaronga, te whakama rānei i te hapori.
- Te whakamātautau i tētahi waina kua pirau, kua kawa rānei — te pouri, te tinihanga, te whanaungatanga e rerekē ana rānei.
- Te whakatuwhera i tētahi pounamu tawhito, i tētahi rua rānei — te anga atu ki te mahara, ki te taonga tuku iho, ki te huringa rānei o te wā.
- Te whakakahore i te waina i tētahi huihuinga — te pehi i te ngākau, te noho mārire, te hiahia rānei ki te hoki whakamuri i te pēhanga a te rōpū.
I roto i ngā whakapono whakapono me ngā tohu o te waina
Ringihia hei tohu e kitea ana i roto i ngā whakapono maha: ko te maringi pōhēhē o te waina i te wā whakanui ka kiia he tohu raruraru e tū mai ana, he moumou whai wāhitanga rānei. Nā te mea he wai te waina, he whero te tae, ka kukume te aro ki ngā maringi.
Karu pakaru i tētahi huihuinga e pā ana ki te waina, e kiia ana he tohu pōuri, he tohu whakatūpato rānei i roto i ngā mahi tuku iho, ko ngā kawa tunu waina ia me te ringihanga ātaahua e kiia ana he tikanga tiaki iti hei ārai i te pōuri.
I roto i ngā Toi me ngā Tuhinga: Waina
Te peita whakapono E whakaatu ana i ētahi o ngā tauira tirohanga mārama rawa atu: Ko te Hakari Whakamutunga a Leonardo da Vinci (t. 1495–1498) e whakapūmau ana i te taro me te waina hei wāhanga o te Eucharist, e whakamahi ana i te kai hei tohu i te patunga tapu me te whakapono ā-iwi. Waihoki, ko te Hakari a Caravaggio i Emauha (1601) e whakamahi ana i te kai tahi me te kapu waina hei whakanui i te whakakitenga me te whakamanatanga.
Te momo peita he maha ngā wā e whakaaro ana ki te waina hei oranga o ia rā, hei akoranga matatika rānei. E whakataurite ana te pukapuka a Diego Velázquez, The Triumph of Bacchus (Los Borrachos, c. 1628–1629), i te āhua atua o Bacchus ki ngā tāngata noa e kai hakari ana, e tūhura ana i ngā rerekētanga pāpori mā te aroaro o te waina.
Ngā tuhinga hou me ngā kiriata me whakamahi hoki i te waina i runga i te āta whakaaro: i roto i te pukapuka The Great Gatsby a F. Scott Fitzgerald, ko te waipiro — tae atu ki te waina i ngā pāti — e whakaatu ana i te taonga me te koretake o te matatika o taua wā; i roto i te pukapuka The Sun Also Rises a Ernest Hemingway, ko ngā whakaaturanga inu waipiro e āwhina ana ki te tautuhi i te kaha ngenge o te whakatupuranga i muri i te pakanga. Ko te kiriata Sideways (2004) e aro ana ki te ahurea waina, e whakamahi ana i te reka, te waina tawhito me te whaiaro whaiaro hei tūhura i te whakahoahoa, te pouri me te mōhio ki a ia anō.
Te Tikanga o te Tattoo o te Waina
Mahara whaiaro he take noa e whiriwhiri ai te tangata i ngā whakaahua waina mō ngā moko: he pounamu, he karāhe, he waina rānei hei whakanui i tētahi kai tahi, i tētahi huihuinga nui o te ao, i tētahi hononga rānei ki te wāhi me te whānau. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ēnei moko hei tohu tuakiri — he aroha ki te ahurea waina, he mahi rānei i roto i te umanga waina.
Ambivalence Ka kitea i roto i ētahi hoahoa: he moko karāhe pakaru, he moko waina maringi rānei hei tohu i te mate, i ngā oati pakaru, i ngā akoranga rānei i akohia mai i te taikaha. I tetahi atu taha, he karāhe waina noa, he tautau karepe rānei hei whakanui i te ahuareka, i te mahi toi me te whakahoahoa.
Ngā Tikanga o Ngā Momo, Ngā Tae, Ngā Rerekētanga rānei o te Waina
Whero Whero he tohu noa iho tēnei mō te toto, te ngākau nui, te kaha me te patunga tapu; ko tōna tae me tōna tinana he tohu mō te kare ā-roto, te ora rānei. Ka taea hoki e te whero tawhito te tohu i te pakeketanga me te hohonutanga.
Mā me te rōhi he maha ngā wā ka honoa ngā mea māmā ake: te māramatanga, te taitamarikitanga, te hou, te wā whakangāwari aroha rānei. Ko ngā waina pīataata me te champagne he tohu mō te whakanui, mō ngā tohu nui, me te whakanui i te hakari nā te mea e hono ana ki ngā tōhi me ngā kawa.
He waina kua tawhito, kua pirau rānei e tohu ana i te wā, i te mahara me ngā pānga o te pirau. Ko te pounamu kua tawhito rawa he tohu mō te whakamahine me te manawanui; ko te waina kawa, kāore rānei e taea te inu he tohu mō te pouri, te tinihanga, te ngaronga rānei o te kupu whakaari.
Pātai Auau
Q: He tohu pai tonu te waina?
A: Kāo. He maha ngā wā ka tohu te waina i te whakanui me te komuniotanga, engari he maha tonu ngā wā ka tohu i te taikaha, te mōrearea matatika, te mate rānei i runga i te horopaki me te whakamahinga o te kōrero.
Q: He aha i hono ai te waina ki ngā kawa whakapono?
A: Nā tōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā kai tahi me tōna roa hei inu rongoa, hei inu tahi i waiho ai te waina hei huānga tūturu mō ngā kawa; i roto i te Karaitianatanga ka noho hei mea tapu i roto i te Eucharist, e tohu ana i te waina kua whakatapua hei tohu wairua.
Q: He aha te tikanga o te waina kua maringi?
A: Ko te waina kua maringi he tohu mō te maumau, te mate, te whakama rānei i te hapori, ā, e kiia whānuitia ana he tohu kino i roto i te whakapono a te iwi.
Q: He pumau te tikanga o ngā tae waina rerekē?
A: Kāore i te pumau whānui, engari kei reira ngā tauira ahurea: he tohu te whero mō te hihiri, te toto rānei, te mā mō te mārama, te parakore rānei, te rōsé mō te taitamarikitanga, me te waina pīataata mō te whakanui.
Ngā Tohu e Pā Ana
- Taro — e hono ana ki ngā kai tahi me te Eukariha
- Karepe — te puna waina ahuwhenua me te tohu o te momonatanga, te kotinga rānei
- Karāhe — he oko e whakakaha ana i ngā tikanga o te kawa me te hakarameta
- Taionahi/Pāka — atua pūrākau e whakaatu ana i ngā mana harikoa me ngā mana ruarua o te waina
- Māra waina — tohu wāhi mō te whenua, te mahi me te tuakiri ā-rohe