Ngokufutshane
Iwayini luphawu oluncinci lwenkcubeko oludla ngokumela imibhiyozo, utshintsho kunye nonxibelelwano lwentlalo ngelixa lukwanxibelelanisa nokugqithisileyo, ukulahlekelwa kunye nokungacaci kokuziphatha. Kuyo yonke imbali isetyenzisiwe kwiimeko zesithethe, izifaniso zobugcisa kunye nokwamkela iindwendwe zemihla ngemihla; iimpawu zayo zomzimba - umbala, ubudala, ubumnandi - zandisa kwiintsingiselo ezifuziselayo ezifana namandla, ubunyulu okanye ukubola. Ngenxa yokuba iwayini ngokwayo iyatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, idla ngokufundwa njengophawu lokuvuthwa, inkumbulo kunye nokuhamba kweminyaka. Umxholo ubalulekile: iglasi enye yewayini inokubonisa umthendeleko okanye ukonakala kuxhomekeke kwindawo ebekwe kuyo.
Imele Ntoni Iwayini?
Ukutya yenye yezona ndima zicacileyo zewayini: imele ubomi obudibeneyo, ulwalamano olusondeleyo kunye nobudlelwane obudalwa kukusela kunye. Kwiindibano zonqulo nezehlabathi ngokufanayo, iwayini iphawula amaxesha apho abantu badibana, nokuba kusesakramenteni, kwi-toast yomtshato okanye kwisidlo sosapho.
inguqu yenye into ephambili. Iidiliya ziba sisiselo esivundisiweyo; isiqhamo esilula siba yiwayini edala, eyinkimbinkimbi. Utshintsho lweekhemikhali nolwexesha lubiza ukufundwa komfuziselo malunga notshintsho, ukuguga, ukucocwa kunye ne-alchemy yamava oluntu.
Ukungaqondakali ikwanamathela kwiwayini: inokuba luphawu lobuninzi novuyo okanye lokuwohloka kokuziphatha. Ngenxa yokuba utywala butshintsha indlela abantu ababona ngayo izinto, iwayini idla ngokuvela ngolwimi olufuziselayo malunga nokuphulukana nolawulo, isilingo kunye nomgca omncinci phakathi kolonwabo kunye nokwenzakala.
Iintsingiselo ezilungileyo nezimbi zewayini
Unxulumano oluhle: Iwayini idla ngokumela imibhiyozo, ububele kunye nobugcisa obucokisekileyo. Imela amasiko ovuyo (iitoast, imitshato), ukwabelana okungcwele (umthendeleko wonqulo), kunye nencasa ekhuliswe kakuhle - ukuqonda ubunono obuhambisana neediliya zakudala, umhlaba kunye nemveliso ecocekileyo.
Iintsingiselo ezimbi: Iwayini ingafuzisela ukusela kakhulu, umlutha kunye nokuwohloka koluntu. Kwiincwadi nakwintetho yokuziphatha, idla ngokubonisa umngcipheko wokugqithisa: ukugweba okungafanelekanga, imeko yokuwa okanye ukuziphatha okubi okulandela ukunxila okuphindaphindiweyo.
Imbali kunye neMvelaphi yeSimboli yewayini
KwiAdamenti Kwasekwa iindlela ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kwewayini ngokomfuziselo. Kwihlabathi lamandulo leMeditera nelaseMpuma Ekufutshane iwayini ibonakala kwiimeko zesithethe, kwizidlo nakwincwadi yoothixo nookumkani; ezo ndlela zokuqala zokusetyenziswa zabeka isiseko seentsingiselo zonqulo nezentlalo kamva.
Izenzo zonqulo yakha umfanekiso ocacileyo ngakumbi. Umzekelo, kubuKrestu, iwayini yathatha intsingiselo yesakramente njengenxalenye yeSidlo seNkosi, apho imele igazi likaKristu kwinkonzo eyayimiselwe — indima eyaguqula isiselo esiqhelekileyo saba luphawu oluphambili lwezenkolo. Loo kusetyenziswa kungcwele kwachaphazela indlela abaculi, ababhali kunye noluntu ababeyiphatha ngayo iwayini njengophawu olunamandla lokuzincama nobabalo.
Iimpawu kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zewayini
Iinkcubeko zeMeditera Kudala benxibelelanisa iwayini nokuzala, imibhiyozo kunye nobuthixo. Imibhiyozo yamaGrike namaRoma kunye neenkonzo zonqulo ezijikeleze uthixo wewayini zazigxininisa uvuyo, umanyano kunye nokuguqulwa kwemiqathango eqhelekileyo yoluntu ngexesha lesithethe.
Izithethe zaseYurophu yaphuhlisa ezinye iileya: kwiindawo ezininzi zaseYurophu iwayini yaba luphawu lobuntu bengingqi kunye nodidi lwentlalo, kunye nemeko yokubonisa ubudala kunye nentsimi yesidiliya. Kwiinkcubeko apho ibhiya okanye utywala zazixhaphake kakhulu, iwayini yayisoloko igcina unxulumano olukhethekileyo nomsitho kunye nokutya okucociweyo.
Iimeko zehlabathi yenza kube nzima ukucinga: kwiindawo ezingenayo imbali eqinileyo yokwenza iwayini, iwayini engeniswa kwamanye amazwe inokuba nentsingiselo yokungamanye amazwe, ubunewunewu okanye unxibelelwano lorhwebo lwamakoloniyali, ngelixa iziselo ezivundisiweyo zasekuhlaleni zithatha indima efanayo kwimiba yazo yenkcubeko.
Intsingiselo Yokomoya Yewayini
Isakramente yintsingiselo yokomoya ebalaseleyo kumasebe amaninzi obuKrestu, apho iwayini isebenza njengento yokukhumbula ngokwesiko kunye nobukho bukaThixo. Oko kusetyenziswa ngokomoya kuyibeka iwayini njengesipho somzimba kunye nophawu lomanyano lokomoya.
Imibhiyozo yenye ingongoma yokomoya: kuba iwayini itshintsha ingqondo, izithethe ezininzi ziye zayinxulumanisa neemeko ezingaqhelekanga, unqulo olunemincili okanye ukuqonda okungokwesiprofeto. Kwezo meko iwayini isebenza njengesixhobo esinceda ekuphawuleni utshintsho phakathi kobomi obuqhelekileyo kunye namava aphakamileyo onqulo.
Iwayini kwiintsomi nakwimbali
Intsomi kaDionysian ngumthombo wentsomi yakudala yomfuziselo wewayini kwinkcubeko yaseNtshona. Uthixo wamaGrike uDionysus (uBacchus kwintsomi yamaRoma) umele zombini amandla okunika ubomi kunye nalawo angalawulekiyo ewayini: ungumntu ovelisa inzala, imibhiyozo kunye nokukhululwa kovuyo, kodwa iintsomi zakhe zikwalumkisa ngokuxinana kunye nokuwela imida okunokubangela ukungalungelelani.
Amabali emveli malunga newayini kudla ngokugxininisa kwizifundo zokuziphatha: amabali okwamkela iindwendwe avuzwayo, okanye izidlo eziphela ziwohloka xa kuvunyelwe ukugqithisela. Ezo ngxelo zigxininisa imigangatho yenkcubeko malunga nokulinganiseka, ukupha kunye nemithetho yoluntu ejikeleze ukusela koluntu.
Iwayini emaphupheni
Umoya yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokufunda iwayini emaphupheni: ukuphupha iwayini kudla ngokumela iimvakalelo malunga nolonwabo, imibhiyozo okanye umnqweno ocinezelweyo. Ngenxa yokuba iwayini inxulunyaniswa neemvakalelo, inokubonisa umnqweno womphuphi wamava eemvakalelo okanye unxibelelwano loluntu.
Utshintsho lwangaphakathi yenye indlela eqhele ukutolikwa ngayo: ukubila kwewayini kunye nokwaluphala kwayo kubonisa utshintsho lwangaphakathi, ngoko ke ukuphupha ngokwenza okanye ukungcamla iwayini kunokubonisa ukukhula, ukuvuthwa okanye ukuphinda ukhumbule iinkumbulo zangaphambili.
Iimeko zephupha eliqhelekileyo lewayini
- Ukusela iwayini nabahlobo okanye usapho — iimvakalelo zokuba ungumntu okanye umbhiyozo olindelweyo.
- Ukuchitha iwayini kwiimpahla okanye etafileni — ixhala lokuchitha ithuba, ukulahlekelwa okanye ukuhlazeka eluntwini.
- Ukungcamla iwayini eyonakeleyo okanye emuncu — ukuphoxeka, ukungcatshwa okanye utshintsho kulwalamano.
- Ukuvula ibhotile endala okanye igumbi elingaphantsi komhlaba — ukujongana nenkumbulo, ilifa okanye ukuhamba kwexesha.
- Ukwala iwayini kwindibano — ukuzibamba, ukungaseli okanye umnqweno wokuyeka uxinzelelo lweqela.
Kwiinkolelo NeeMpawu zewayini
Phalaza njengesilumkiso kuvela kwiinkolelo ezininzi ezingacwangciswanga: ukuchitheka kwewayini ngengozi ngexesha lombhiyozo kudla ngokufundwa njengophawu lwengxaki ezayo okanye ithuba elichithwayo. Ngenxa yokuba iwayini ilulwelo kwaye inombala obomvu, ukuchitheka kwayo kutsala ingqalelo ngokomfuziselo.
Iglasi eyaphukileyo Kwiminyhadala enxulumene newayini kudla ngokuthathwa njengento engenathamsanqa okanye uphawu lwesilumkiso kumasiko esintu, ngelixa amasiko okuthosa kunye nokugalela ngononophelo kuthathwa njengezinto ezincinci zokukhusela ezithintela ishwa.
Kwizobugcisa noncwadi: Iwayini
Umzobo wenkolo Inika eminye yemizekelo ecacileyo ebonakalayo: Isidlo Sokugqibela sikaLeonardo da Vinci (malunga nowe-1495–1498) sibeka isonka newayini njengezinto ze-Eucharist, sisebenzisa isidlo ukumela umbingelelo kunye nokholo oluhlangeneyo. Isidlo Sangokuhlwa sikaCaravaggio e-Emawusi (1601) ngokufanayo sisebenzisa isidlo esabelwana ngaso kunye nendebe yewayini ukugxininisa isityhilelo kunye nokuqaphela.
Umzobo wohlobo Ihlala ijonga iwayini njengobomi bemihla ngemihla okanye isifundo sokuziphatha. Incwadi kaDiego Velázquez ethi The Triumph of Bacchus (Los Borrachos, malunga nowe-1628–1629) idibanisa umfanekiso kaBacchus onobuthixo nabantu abaqhelekileyo abathanda ukuzonwabisa, ihlola umahluko phakathi kwentlalo ngokubakho kwewayini.
Uncwadi lwanamhlanje kunye neefilimu Kwakhona sebenzisa iwayini ngabom: kwincwadi kaF. Scott Fitzgerald ethi The Great Gatsby, utywala — kuquka iwayini kwiipati — bugxininisa ubunewunewu bexesha kunye nokungacaci kokuziphatha; kwincwadi kaErnest Hemingway ethi The Sun Also Rises, imifanekiso yokusela inceda ekuchazeni amandla adiniweyo esizukulwana sasemva kwemfazwe. Ifilimu ethi Sideways (2004) igxile kwinkcubeko yewayini, isebenzisa ukunambitha, imbali yakudala kunye nomdla wobuqu ukuphonononga ubudlelwane, ukuzisola kunye nolwazi lomntu.
Intsingiselo yeTattoo yeWayini
Inkumbulo yomntu Yisizathu esiqhelekileyo sokuba abantu bakhethe imifanekiso yewayini njengeetattoo: ibhotile, iglasi okanye umdiliya unokukhumbula isidlo esabelwana ngaso, isiganeko esibalulekileyo sobomi okanye unxibelelwano nendawo kunye nosapho. Ezi tattoo zihlala zisebenza njengophawu lobuntu - uthando lwenkcubeko yewayini okanye umsebenzi kwishishini lewayini.
Ukuzibandakanya iyabonakala kwezinye iindlela zoyilo: iglasi eqhekekileyo okanye itattoo yewayini echithekileyo ingabonisa ilahleko, izifungo eziphuliweyo okanye izifundo ezifundwe ngokugqithisileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iglasi yewayini okanye iqela leediliya linokubhiyozela ulonwabo, ubugcisa kunye nokuhlalisana kakuhle.
Iintsingiselo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, imibala, okanye iinguqulelo zewayini
Isiselo somdiliya esibomvu Idla ngokufanekisela igazi, inkanuko, amandla kunye nokuzincama; umbala wayo kunye nomzimba wayo kuyenza ibe yindawo ehlala imele iimvakalelo okanye amandla aqatha. Ubomvu bakudala bunokubonisa ukuvuthwa kunye nobunzulu.
Omhlophe kunye nerosé Zidla ngokuba nonxulumano olulula: ukucaca, ubutsha, ubutsha okanye ulonwabo lothando. Iiwayini ezikhazimlayo kunye ne-champagne zifanekisela umbhiyozo, iziganeko ezibalulekileyo kunye nemibhiyozo ephakamileyo ngenxa yonxulumano lwazo nee-toasts kunye nemisitho.
Iwayini endala okanye eyonakeleyo ibonisa ixesha, inkumbulo kunye nemiphumo yokubola. Ibhotile endala ifanekisela ukucocwa kunye nomonde; iwayini emuncu okanye engaselwayo ibonakalisa ukuphoxeka, ukungcatshwa okanye ukulahleka kwesithembiso.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Q: Ingaba iwayini isoloko iluphawu oluhle?
A: Hayi. Iwayini idla ngokubonisa umbhiyozo kunye nomthendeleko kodwa idla ngokumela ukugqithisa, umngcipheko okanye ilahleko yokuziphatha kuxhomekeke kumxholo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwebali.
Q: Kutheni iwayini inxulunyaniswa nesithethe sonqulo?
A: Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwizidlo ezityiwa ngabantu bonke kunye nokuqina kwayo njengesiselo esigciniweyo nesasabelwana ngaso kwenza iwayini yaba yinto yendalo kwimibhiyozo; kubuKrestu yaba yinto yesakramente kwi-Eucharist, apho imele iwayini engcwele njengophawu lokomoya.
Q: Ithetha ukuthini iwayini echithekileyo ngokomfuziselo?
A: Iwayini echithekileyo idla ngokumela inkcitho, ilahleko okanye ukuhlazeka eluntwini kwaye ithathwa ngokubanzi kwiinkolelo zabantu njengesiganeko esibuhlungu.
Q: Ngaba imibala eyahlukeneyo yewayini inentsingiselo ezinzileyo?
A: Ayizinzanga yonke indawo, kodwa kukho iindlela zenkcubeko: ubomvu budla ngokumela uthando okanye igazi, umhlophe umela ukukhanya okanye ubumsulwa, i-rosé imela ubutsha kunye newayini ekhazimlayo emele ukubhiyozela.
Iimpawu ezinxulumene noko
- Isonka — esidityaniswe nezidlo ezidityanisiweyo kunye ne-Eucharist
- Iidiliya — umthombo wezolimo wewayini kunye nophawu lokuchuma okanye isivuno
- I-Chalice — isitya esiqinisa intsingiselo yesiko kunye nesakramente
- UDionysus/uBacchus — isithixo sentsomi esimela amandla ewayini achwayitisayo nangafaniyo
- Isidiliya — uphawu lwendawo yelizwe, umsebenzi kunye nobuntu bengingqi